Waterborne Passenger Transport

Ocean Liners and Cruising

    Appeals to tourists as an attraction in and of its self

  1. The ‘Queen Elizabeth 2’, flag ship of the Cunard Line Ltd

  2.‘Voyager of the Sea’, one of the largest ships afloat, belonging to the Royal Caribbean International Line

  3.Investors are planning to build ‘America World City’ which will carry 6,200 passengers .

Short Cruise

1. One day cruises, and otherwise is usually from 3 days to 14 days in length.

    directed at a person with limited time and funds or first time cruise passengers.

Intermediate Cruise

1) 15 days to 24 days.

 2)  Directed at persons who have previously taken at least one cruise.

 3)  May be oriented to all different budgets.

  

           Long Cruise

—1) 25 days and up

2)  Directed at experienced cruise passengers

3)  Usually quite well-to-do and with substantial time available .

     Major cruising routes in the world

1) The Caribbean, Bermuda and the Bahamas, including the coast of Central and South America.

—2) The west coast of North America, including Mexico, the USA (including Alaska) and Canada

3) —The Mediterranean, divided between the western and eastern sectors.

4) —The Pacific islands and Far East.

 5)—The Baltic Sea, northern European Capitals and the North Cape.

—6) West Africa and the Atlantic islands of the Canaries and Madeira.

 

Transportation

THE TRANSPORTATION AND ACCOMMODATION

Aviation Industry

Travelling by air is seen as the most convenient, fastest way to travel, and now with budget carriers also an affordable one too. Ever since World War Two, the aviation industry has expanded rapidly. Newer and better aircrafts are constantly being put into service, each being bigger

and better and more able to carry more people and cargo and to

travel further before refuelling. European aircraft maker Airbus’s

latest A380 is now able to carry more than 550 passengers on board

and fly a non-stop range of 15,000 kilometres, which is sufficient to

fly from Chicago to Sydney

Travel by air has become safe, comfortable, rapid and above all cheap for several reasons:

-One reason is the enormous growth of aviation technology,

especially since the development of the jet airliner after World War

Two. The first commercial jet (the De Havilland comet, operated by

BOAC) came into service on the London-Johannesburg route in

-Increases in carrying capacity for passengers and freight have

steadily reduced average seat costs, with jumbo jets

accommodating up to 500 passengers

-Airlines, however, are motivated to introduce such large aircraft not

only for reasons of efficiency but also as a means of overcoming the

problem of growing congestion at airports throughout the world,

particularly the leading hub airports where there are acute

shortages of take-off and landing slots.

- Another factor in the development of mass travel by air was the

enterprise and creativity demonstrated by both air transport

management and other entrepreneurs in the tourism industry. The

introduction of the net inclusive tour basing fares for tour operators,

variable pricing techniques such as Advance Purchase Excursion

(APEX) tickets and stand-by fares, and more recently frequent flyer

programmes, in which passengers collect additional free miles

based on the mileage they accumulate with a carrier, have all

helped to stimulate demand and fill aircraft seats. A major

development in recent years has been the growth of low-cost,

airlines like easyJet and Ryanair.

-An equally important development for the scheduled carriers in the

past three decades has been the chartering of aircraft to tour

operators

Organisation of Air Transport

The civil aviation business is composed of a number of elements,

namely:

1. Equipment Manufacturers,

2. Airports,

3. Air Navigation and Traffic Control Services and

4. Airlines

Broadly speaking, air transport operations are regulated in three

ways.

1. Internationally, scheduled routes are assigned on the basis of

agreements between governments of countries concerned.

2. Internationally, scheduled air fares are now subject to less and

less control, as in both North America and Europe airlines are

free to set their own fares. However, governments can still

intercede where predatory pricing is involved, and in practise,

within Europe, fares are permitted to fluctuate between

acceptable maxima and minima.

3. National governments approve and license the carriers which

are to operate on scheduled routes, whether domestically or

internationally. In the UK, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) has

this responsibility and is also responsible for the licensing of

charter airlines and of tour operations organizing package

holidays abroad.

Further legislation concerning passenger aviation resulted from the

Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation held in 1944, at which eighty

governments were represented in discussions designed to promote

world air services and to reach agreement on standard operating

procedures for air services between countries. There were two

outcomes of this meeting: the founding of the International Civil

Aviation Organisation (ICAO), now a specialised agency of the

United Nations, and the establishment of the so-called five

freedoms of the air. These comprise the privileges of

1. The First Freedom of the Air - The Right of Fly over (Transit). An

airline may fly over another country without landing.

2. The Second Freedom of the Air – The Right of Technical

Landing (Transit). An airline may make a technical landing in

another country for purposes other than the carriage of

passengers or freight, e.g. in order to refuel

3. The Third Freedom of the Air – The Right of Outbound Carriage

(Traffic). An airline may transport a commercial load

(passengers, cargo, or mail) from its home country to another

country.

4. The Fourth Freedom of the Air – The Right of Inbound Carriage

(Traffic) An airline may transport a commercial load from

another country to its home country.

5. The Fifth Freedom of the Air – The Right of Carriage between

Countries. An airline may transport a commercial load from one

country to another country, where neither country is its home

country, provided that the flight begins or ends in its home

country.

Other freedoms not discussed by the Convention, but equally

pertinent to the question of rights of operation, have been termed

the sixth, seventh and eighth freedoms.

6. The Sixth Freedom of the Air - The Right of Carriage via Home

Country. An airline may transport a commercial load between 2

countries, provided that transport is via the home country.

7. The Seventh Freedom of the Air – The Right to Operate Outside

Home Country. An airline may operate outside its home

country while carrying traffic between 2 countries, neither of

which is its own country.

8. The Eighth Freedom of the Air – The Right of Foreign Domestic

Carriage. An airline may transport a commercial load between

2 domestic points in the same foreign state or country. This

right is seldom granted.What is the difference between scheduled and chartered air

services?

Types Of Tourism

Rural Tourism—

The British climate and our seaside resorts, is also responsible for providing a major stimulus to tourism: the beauty of the countryside. Britain offers considerable diversity in its countryside:

—from the meadows and tightly hedged fields in the south and west of England

—to the dry-stone walls and bleak moors of the north ,

— and from the flat lands and waterways of East Anglia and Lincoln

—to the lakes and mountains of Cumbria

—and the wild beauty of the Welsh mountains

— and the highlands and Islands of Scotland.

—The attraction of the countryside grows, whether merely to take a day out at the weekend or to spend a longer holiday touring, or perhaps holidaying on a farm. This is rural tourism.

•   The National Parks and Access to the Countryside ACT 1949 also created a network of long-distance footpaths.
•   (National trails –14).
•   —Lake District and Norfolk Broads-National Park status. 

Man –made attractions.

Theme and Amusement Parks:

—1.Lightwater Valley

—2.Frontierland.

—3.Flamingoland

—4.American Adventure World

—5.Alton Towers

—6.Pleasurewood Hills

—7.Legoland Windsor.

—8.Chessington World of Adventures

—9.Thorpe Park.

Urban Tourism

—Visitors are attracted to towns and cities as the tourist attractions of these destinations become more widely recognised, especially for the short-break market.

—

— Britain is fortunate in that most in-coming visitors have as their motivation the desire to see the country’s heritage, much of which is found in the urban area.

—

—Apart form London and its  attractions , architecturally, historically and culturally, all the leading destinations in Britain are dependent upon their heritage to attract thee overseas tourist.

1. —The university town Oxford and Cambridge,
2. — the Shakespeare connection with Stratford upon Avon, 
3. —Windsor with its royal castle, 
4. —the cities of Bath, York Edinburgh , Chester,  all feature on the standard “ milk-cut image in the public eye, and strong associations which are easy to market as products composed of a complex of benefit.
5. On the continent cities such as Amsterdam and Paris, which enjoy their status as capitals, also benefit from their situation at the heart of Europe and their unique cultural attractions

Incoming tourism

—It is also known as an inbound tourism. Defined as travellers arriving in different country from their own.

—

—It provides a valuable source of income for the country and for the local economy.

Domestic tourism

—Travel around our own country – staying with family and friends, having short break or annual holidays.

—

—It is also known as an internal tourism takes many forms –determined by the seasons or thee social habits.

—

—Exp. short breaks

—

Outgoing tourism

—Known as outbound tourism. Travellers leaving their own country to go abroad.

—

—USA is the most popular long-haul destination, Spanish  “ costas ” and islands, France are the most popular short-haul destinations.

—

—outgoing tourism reflect seasonal factors ,especially climate.

Business travel

—Business travellers go abroad for the purpose of work

—

—quality and speed important aspects

—

—some travel agents specialise in business travel;   American Express, Hogg Robinsons, Carlson Wagonlit

—

Leisure travel 

—1) Can be as little as day trip to a park or beach or as much as a world tour lasting 6 months.

—

—2) holiday, short break ,long-haul trips.

—

—3) includes all types of people –young old, families

—

—4) hobbies, exploration, relaxation.

—

Excursions

1) —low cost,

—

—2) children and elderly (groups who are less able to get about)

—

—3) can be run all day round

—

— 4) the key concept for the market is the fact that many different types of provider are involved  in “supply chain”

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